Heart Rot Tree Diseaseâ€Prevention and Control

In trees, heart rot is caused by a fungal disease that causes the center of the trunk and branches to decay. The most obvious symptom is the presence of mushrooms or fungal growths, called conks, on the surface of the trunk or limbs. Most hardwood species can be afflicted with heart rot, and it can be a major problem for the logging and lumber industry since the center heartwood is the most valuable wood in a hardwood tree.   Causes of Heart Rot in Trees Heart rot in living trees can be caused by many different fungal agents and pathogens that can enter the tree through open wounds and exposed inner bark wood to infiltrate the center core of the tree—the heartwood. Heartwood  makes up most of a trees inner wood and support structure, so over time, this rot can cause the tree to fail and collapse. Heartwood cells have some resistance to decay but depend  on a barrier of protection from the bark and outside living tissue. Heart rot can occur in many hardwoods and other deciduous species but is especially common in oaks infected with the  I. dryophilus  and  P. everhartii decay fungi.  All deciduous trees can get heart rot,  while resinous conifers have some extra resistance. More on Heartwood It should be noted that heartwood is genetically programmed to spontaneously separate from living wood tissues that surround it.  Once heartwood formation has begun to lay down annual layers and increase in volume, the heartwood quickly becomes the largest part of the trees structure by volume.  When that living barrier of protection surrounding the heartwood fails, the resulting disease in the heartwood causes it to soften. It quickly becomes structurally weaker and prone to breakage. A mature tree that has a large volume of heartwood is more at risk than a young tree, simply because its heartwood constitutes more of its structure.   Symptoms of Heart Rot Usually, a conk or mushrooming fruiting body on the surface of the tree is the first sign at the site of infection.  A useful rule of thumb suggests that a cubic foot of inner heartwood wood has decayed for each conk produced— there is a lot of bad wood behind that mushroom, in other words. Fortunately, though, heart rot fungi do not invade living wood of healthy trees. Other than the resulting structural weakness heart rot creates, a tree can otherwise look quite healthy even though it is riddled with heart rot.   Economic Costs Heart rot is a major factor influencing the  economics of logging high-value lumber, although it is a natural  consequence in many older forests. The heartwood of tree is where the valuable lumber exists, and a badly rotten tree is of no value to the timber industry. A hardwood tree that lives long enough will likely deal with heart rot at some point, since it is a natural part of the trees life cycle, especially in native forests. A very old tree will almost certainly suffer storm damage at some point that will allow fungi to enter and begin the process of heart rot. In some cases, entire forests may be at risk if, for example, a catastrophic storm has caused major damage at some time in the past. The fungi spread very slowly within a tree, so it may be many years after the initial fungal infection that serious weakness becomes evident.   Heart rot is prevalent throughout the world, and it affects all  hardwood  trees. It can be very hard to prevent and control, although a tree that is carefully monitored over its entire lifetime may avoid it.   Prevention and Control of Heart Rot As long as a tree is growing vigorously, rot will be confined to a small central core within the tree. This behavior is called tree wood compartmentalization. But if the tree is weakened and fresh wood exposed by severe pruning or storm damage, decay fungi can advance into more and more of the trees heartwood. There is no economically feasible fungicide to use on a tree that hosts the heart rot fungi. The best way to prevent heart rot in your hardwood tree is to keep it healthy using proper management techniques: Minimize pruning wounds that expose large areas of wood.Shape trees at an early age so major branch removal will not be necessary later.Remove broken branch stubs following storm damage.Have trees you suspect of heart rot checked by an arborist to determine if sufficient live wood is present for structural safety.Check trees every few years to be certain new growth is maintaining a  sound structure. Large trunks and main branches with extensive decay may have little sound wood to support the tree.

Medical Model to Treat Psychological Disorders - 809 Words

Medical Model To Treat Psychological Disorders Abnormal Psychology The medical model of abnormal psychology treats mental disorders in the same way as a broken arm, i.e. there is thought to be a physical cause. Supporters of the medical model consequently consider symptoms to be outward signs of the inner physical disorder and believe that if symptoms are grouped together and classified into a ‘syndrome’ the true cause can eventually be discovered and appropriate physical treatment administered. Behaviors such as hallucinations are symptoms of mental illness as are suicidal ideas or extreme fears such as phobias about snakes and so on. Different illnesses can be identified as syndromes,†¦show more content†¦There is a debate on the ethics of using ECT, primarily because it often takes place without the consent of the individual and we don’t know how it works! In Conclusion, they began by examining two of the major approaches to psychopathology research and theory: the medical model and the biopsychosocial model. The latter has clear advantages over the former: a more sophisticated and comprehensive understanding of psychological disorder is possible. Such a biopsychosocial is really a call for interdisciplinary cooperation in the study of psychopathology, a cooperation that has not historically been a reality. Nevertheless, as they have seen, there are some criticisms that can be leveled at both the medical and biopsychosocial models. If they do indeed embody assumptions of weakness and deficits, then there may be undesirable implications for how we conceptualize and treat people with (so called?) psychological disorders. References McLeod, S.A. (2008). Medical Model-Treating Mental Disorders- Simply Psychology. http://www.simplypsychology.org/medical-model.html http://www.Show MoreRelatedAbnormal Psychology1154 Words   |  5 Pagesdue to psychological dysfunction that contains some features of deviance, potential injury, and distress. As various types of psychological dysfunction have been manifested throughout history, the field has developed to examine the causes and likely treatments of the dysfunctions. Therefore, abnormal psychology studies individuals regarded as atypical or abnormal, especially with the recent increase in psychological disorders. Origins of Abnormal Psychology: As psychological disorders have becomeRead More Clinical Psychology Essay1452 Words   |  6 PagesBeginning after World War II, when veterans were returning from war by the thousands with various psychological issues, psychiatrists and those in the medical field realized they did not have the workforce to treat every soldier. 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Consumption Pattern in India Post 92 Free Essays

Change in consumption pattern in India since the 1950s due to the effects of liberalization, globalization and demographics changes Since 1950 the global economy has nearly quintupled. The American Dream has become a model for most developing nations. With the critical rise in Indian population the consumption increases significantly. We will write a custom essay sample on Consumption Pattern in India Post 92 or any similar topic only for you Order Now It’s an assertion of this research project that consumption pattern will change whether by design or by default. Introduction The one billion consumers in affluent nations are being joined by one billion new consumers in developing and transitional nations.Although these new consumers do not yet have the spending capacity of the established consumers, they have enough discretionary income to consume in far more expansive manner than the bulk of their fellow citizens. A good number can even buy cars; in 1997, more motor vehicles were sold in Asia than in Western Europe and North America combined. With potentially twice as many new consumers in the next ten years, the global community should be interested in the new consumers. This raises several fundamental questions: * Can the new consumers be enabled to engage in enhanced consumption in a manner consistent with sustainable development? What can they learn from the mistakes and positive experiences of the long time affluent n ations in order to keep their environmental impacts at acceptable levels? * How far can the established, affluent consumers be persuaded to adopt more sustainable lifestyles which could serve as models for the new consumers? Moderation in the growth rate has come with some good news, with the country’s per capita income expecting to more than double over the last seven years to Rs38,084 in 2008-09, reflecting improvement in the living standards of an average Indian.Per capita income, according to advance estimates for national income, is expected to grow by 14. 4% during the fiscal 2009, the highest growth rate recorded in a single year in the last decade. The country’s per capita income, which is an important indicator of economic development of a nation, was Rs18,885 during 2002-03. Consumption Pattern In India O n 15 August 1947, India woke to a new daylight of sovereignty: finally we were masters of our own vocation after some two hundred myriad years of British rule; the job of nation building was now in our own hands.The leaders of independent India had to decide, among other things, the type of economic system most suitable for our nation, a system which would promote the welfare of all rather than a few. India would be a ‘socialist’ society with a strong public sector but also with private property and democracy; the government would ‘plan’ for the economy with the private sector being encouraged to be part of the plan effort. The ‘Industrial Policy Resolution’ of 1948 and the Directive Principles of the Indian Constitution reflected this outlook. In 1950, the Planning Commission was set up with the Prime Minister as its Chairperson. The era of five year plans had begun. To increase the production of goods and services the producers have to adopt new technology. For example, a farmer can increase the output on the farm by using new seed varieties instead of using the old ones. Similarly, a factory can increase output by using a new type of machine. However, modernization does not refer only to the use of a new technology but also to changes in the social outlook such as the recognition that women should have the same rights as men. ________________ The economic reforms of India can be divided into mainly two segments- * Post-Independence Era Post Liberalization Era ————————————————- A PLAN spells out how the resources of a nation should be put to use. It should have some general goals as well as specific objectives which are to be achieved within a specified period of time; in India plans are of five ye ars duration and are called five year plans. Our plan documents not only specify the objectives to be attained in the five years of a plan but also what is to be achieved over a period of twenty years. The five year plans are supposed to provide the basis for the perspective plan.Our five year plans do not spell out how much of each and every good and service is to be produced. It is enough if the plan is specific about the sectors where it plays a commanding role, while leaving the rest to the market. Since the beginning of economic reforms and acceleration in the rate of growth since 1990, the Indian economy has followed a growth pattern, which, on the face of it, appears to be different from the one observed in the historical development of today’s developed countries and also from that being experienced by similarly placed developing countries today.This uniqueness of the growth pattern of India needs to be recognized, understood and analyzed and its implications for longer term development strategy and policy broug ht out. Liberalization In the year 1991, a major economic crisis surfaced in Indian economy. At that time, the economy was slowing down, balance of payment position was precarious, and inflation rate was very high. At the same time fiscal imbalances were persistent in the Indian economy. Those times the Govt of India introduced some economic reforms measures and it was of 4 kinds: 1. Trade and capital reform measures 2. Industrial deregulation . Disinvestment amp; Public Enterprise reform 4. Financial sector reform The liberalization measures taken by the govt are: 1. Area of business once reserved for public sector enterprise was opened to private sector business. 2. Loss making units of public enterprises was transferred to private enterprises. However, there were no takers at that time. 3. Disinvestment of highly profit making units of public enterprises was initiated by the govt of India to correct fiscal imbalances. 4. Economy was liberalized to private sector both at the domestic level as well as, the foreign market level. . Licensing system was removed; in fact it was very much liberalized. 6. The power of MRTP commission was curtailed and the ceiling of investment was raised very much. In fact there was no limitation of investment. 7. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), was permitted up to 51% in priority areas without the proper permission of the Govt. In another sector the Govt was ready to consider the proposal of investment relating to more than 51%. 8. All the sick units were referred to BIFR (Board of Industrial amp; Financial Reconstruction) for the rehabilitation of the sick units. 9.The policy of export and import was liberalized. The effect of liberalization was positively substantial on the consumption pattern in India. The industries started expanding rapidly after going to private hands. This became â€Å"pro bono† as it created more job opportunities. This enhanced income for public thus raising the purchasing power of the individuals. It ultimately improved the standard of living faster than the time that of pre-liberalization. Perhaps the most significant event occurred due to liberalization was establishment of (Security Exchange Board of India) SEBI.This gave a sense of security to people and thus people invested more and more. Due to stringent rules and regulations of SEBI, people became more conscious and by investment in equity they got a feeling of ownership. New companies started emerging due to liberalization. Removal of location restriction was a blessing for the domestic companies. So many new players came to the market. Investment limit was raised from Rs 2 lakh to Rs 5 lakh. So, people started investing more. This led to increase in national income. Modernization got its grip over culture. People could use upgraded technologies in their work.Due to financial reforms, banks adopted brilliant strategies concerning the quality and performance of their services in the eyes of customers. Globalization The term globalization has been defined by various business experts differently. Some says that globalization means extension of economic activities across the political boundaries of the nation states. Others say that globalization refers to integration of the country with the rest of the world. In India globalization has been taken to mean integration of the Indian economy with the economies of the world.It also means economic openness, inviting FDI, inviting MNCs to come and invest in Indian economies, encouraging Indian companies to form joint venture with the organization of the countries, compete in the world markets at their own cost without having help from the governments, main strategic alliance or form partnerships with the companies of the world. After liberalization and globalization free trade was possible between business entities. More and more foreign companies started investing and spreading to India. The consumers got a wider range of products, so they had options to choose now for the one that suits better for their need.People became more aware about various products and became brand conscious. The demand for better goods rose. So the companies became competitive about their services, price and quality. Now the paradigm had shifted from production orientation to consumer orientation. As a result of this consumers got better products at competitive price. The most significant effect was technological advancement. Foreign companies made mergers, partnerships and joint ventures with Indian companies. This impacted the sharing of superior technologies to Indian companies. This resulted in increased efficiency in production and product quality.Income due to globalization added to National income. Indian companies also started expanding to foreign countries. Trading abroad contributed to Indian foreign currency reserve. Because many companies shared and provided services in foreign industries, this created employment in form of BPOs and KPOs. As the economy opens up to globalization, households start to adopt food consumption patterns that differ from the traditional ones. The new dietary habits reflect global patterns, and could be quite unlike the habits that had developed locally over many generations.Consumers exhibit strong preferences for meat or fish, temperate zone foods such as apples and highly processed convenience foods and drinks all of which are readily available in the emerging supermarkets and fast-food outlets. A critical implication of globalization is the severing of the link between diets and the local availability of resources and local habits. In the second stage of diet globalization in particular, consumers have access to varieties of food that were not previously available to them. Thus, consumers are no longer constrained in their demand to purchasing local produce.Demographic Factor The market is divided into groups on the basis of variables such as age, family size, family life cycle, gender income, occupation, education, religion, race, generation, nationality and social class. Demographic variables are the most popular bases for distinguishing customer groups. The change in demography raised several questions before the companies like- which population should the firm serve? What geographical areas should the firm cater to? These questions point to segmentation, targeting and positioning for a particular product. The population of India has crossed above 1billion.That makes major chunk of world’s population as consumers. More people mean more diversity among their thought pattern, culture, income, perception. That becomes a challenge for a company to provide a product for all of them. Thus they started thinking about reaching every household and penetrating market. Recent trends indicate that the composition of nutritional intake in India is fast changing. Increasing income and urbanization demand more non-food grain products in the diet. The food grain consumption per person is decreasing in both rural and urban population.And the non-gain crops and animal products (dairy and poultry) are increasing their share of the daily nutritional intake. Increased per capita income has increased the standard of living. For the upper income group many brands have emerged. Ex- for watches- Titan Orion, for men’s apparels there are Park’s Avenue and Van Huesen, for shoe there’s Woodland and the list goes on. Conclusion It’s quite evident from the above research that India’s consumption pattern has changed greatly especially after liberalization and globalization. Consumers became the locus of control.In fact, it was them which drove the companies to go on. Liberalization and globalization actually became a blessing for India’s economic development and commerce cap. These are related to each other and crucially supplemented various growth patterns. Standard of living, per capita income, foreign currency reserve, brand consciousness, varied product range, etc. these are the fruitful results of globalization. Also, due to financial sector reforms, loans were made available easily, employment scope soared high, quality and package of service became richer, transactions were more secure.Technological advancement led to increased efficiency, detailed information and better quality product. Professionalism was introduced in the management of public enterprises. Furthermore greater autonomy was given public enterprises. How to cite Consumption Pattern in India Post 92, Papers

Business Information Systems Tactics and Tools

Question: Discuss about the Business Information Systems for Tactics and Tools. Answer: Improving Marketing and Sales The internet has changed the process of sharing the information worldwide. Many businesses are getting successful by marketing themselves into the world of the internet because this provides branding for the company and results in the increase in the footholds (Roberts and Zahay 2012). No matter what industry the business operates in the competition remains tougher in the market. Nowadays customers are the informed customers (Roberts and Zahay 2012) Marketing strategies for the August Online Technology Content marketing: One of the effective strategies for marketing is content marketing (Hollensen 2015). It includes Companys news and articles which are announced in public domain. This allows the company to build its rapport in the eyes of its targeted audience. The top B2B content marketing strategies include social media, blogs, articles, e-Newsletters and videos (Hollensen 2015). This trend suggests that the trend of advertisement on televisions and radios have become less effective. Social media marketing: The social media marketing takes the upper hand while following the marketing strategies (Sweeney MacLellan and Dorey 2015). The companies use make their own facebook pages and Instagram accounts but these days even Pinterest, Tumblr and Google+ have gained popularity and have provided the businesses with the new options (Sweeney et al. 2015). These methods prove to be efficient in producing more content in other media forms and build their channel of audiences (Sweeney et al. 2015). Use of search engine optimization (SEO): SEO runs on algorithms which plays an important role while searching on the Google (Hollensen 2015). The companies whose content are reliable and relevant are shown first in the search engine (Hollensen 2015). Use of Cookies: The cookies are used to track the websites the users are visiting. Once the users are navigating the sites the cookies can track the products and services the users are looking for and according to the users search the advertisements pertaining to that product and services will be shown to them. Employing the above-mentioned tactics the August Online Technology can improve its sales. Network Security Risks and Protection In the present epoch, Information technology permeates the whole landscape. Nowadays, variegated issues such as security risks, internet and network attacks have compounded the privacy affairs of the computer network. Coming to the main angle, internet security controls the whole gamut of computer security, particularly pertaining to the internet. It encompasses browser security and network security and it is applicable to other the operating systems. The experts claim that the swapping of information over the internet entails high risks and menace. The risks such as invasion or deceit, in a sense it generates phishing and spamming. Therefore, various methods have been adopted to shield the transmission of data, involving encryption and from the ground-up engineering (Pieprzyk et al. 2013). The user of computer is compelled to download software for the computer that bears spiteful intent. The software comes in various appearances such as viruses, Trojan horses, spyware and worms. Therefore, the users of the computer should remain cautious from beforehand. Malware, abbreviated term for malicious software, is a kind of software that distorts the computer operation. It gleans sensitive information and gain an easy access to the private computer systems. Computer Viruses are programs that can counterfeit the structures of computer by spoiling the files or structures on a computer. The computer network countenances various problems such as cracking and hacking. The cracking is a process that describes someone who deliberately bumped into computer systems for the accomplishment of a specific mission. Again, hacking is a process that entails the presence of a computer programmer with a perfect acumen. Data tampering and identity theft are some of the features of the security attack (Boyle and Panko 2014). The security tools that the help to shield the data and information of the computer. The tools such as encryption are a method that protects data by accessing particular mathematical algorithms. A firewall is a hardware or software created to evade the extraneous threats. Anti-Virus software is a program that protects the computer from viruses, Trojan horses and spyware (Andress and Winterfeld 2013). Reference Andress, J. and Winterfeld, S., 2013.Cyber warfare: techniques, tactics and tools for security practitioners. Elsevier. Boyle, R.J. and Panko, R.R., 2014.Corporate computer security. Prentice Hall Press. Hollensen, S., 2015.Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Pieprzyk, J., Hardjono, T. and Seberry, J., 2013.Fundamentals of computer security. Springer Science Business Media. Roberts, M.L. and Zahay, D., 2012.Internet marketing: Integrating online and offline strategies. Cengage Learning. Sweeney, S., MacLellan, A. and Dorey, E., 2015.3G Marketing on the Internet: Third-Generation Internet Marketing Strategies for Online Success(Vol. 1). Marketing Publications.